Journal: Marine Drugs

Article Title: Biophysical Characterization of a Carotenoprotein from Marine Sponge Tedania ignis Reveals Pigment-Dependent Stability and Antibiotic Interactions

doi: 10.3390/md24030118

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of Ti-CP and ApoTi-CP on biofilm biomass formation. The impact of Ti-CP ( a – c ) and ApoTi-CP ( d – f ) on biofilm biomass was evaluated against S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 700698 (MRSA), and E. coli ATCC 11303. Biofilms were allowed to form in the presence of increasing protein concentrations (3.9–250 µg/mL), and total biomass was quantified by crystal violet staining, measured as absorbance at 590 nm (OD 590 ). Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by the appropriate post hoc test. Statistical significance relative to the untreated control (CN) is indicated as p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***), and p < 0.0001 (****).

Article Snippet: For the methicillin-resistant strain S. aureus ATCC 700698, ApoTi-CP significantly reduced biofilm biomass at the highest concentration tested (250 μg·mL −1 ), reaching approximately 50% inhibition ( b,e).

Techniques: Staining, Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: Marine Drugs

Article Title: Biophysical Characterization of a Carotenoprotein from Marine Sponge Tedania ignis Reveals Pigment-Dependent Stability and Antibiotic Interactions

doi: 10.3390/md24030118

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of Ti-CP and ApoTi-CP on preformed bacterial biofilms evaluated by viable cell counts (CFU). The antibiofilm activity of Ti-CP ( a – c ) and ApoTi-CP ( d – f ) was assessed against biofilms formed by S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 700698 (MRSA), and E. coli ATCC 11303. After biofilm establishment, samples were treated with increasing protein concentrations (3.9–250 µg/mL), and biofilm viability was quantified by counting colony-forming units (CFU). Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical significance relative to the untreated control (CN) is indicated as p < 0.0001 (****).

Article Snippet: For the methicillin-resistant strain S. aureus ATCC 700698, ApoTi-CP significantly reduced biofilm biomass at the highest concentration tested (250 μg·mL −1 ), reaching approximately 50% inhibition ( b,e).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: AMB Express

Article Title: Repurposed bunamidine disrupts envelope energetics and induces ROS-mediated non-lytic killing

doi: 10.1186/s13568-026-02016-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibacterial activity of BUN against MRSA. A Chemical structure of bunamidine hydrochloride (BUN). B MIC determinations of BUN against MRSA ATCC 43300 and USA300 in MH and TSB media. C XTT assays showing concentration-dependent inhibition of metabolic activity by BUN. D Comparison of OD 630 changes over time between BUN and the bacteriostatic comparator LZD. E Time-kill kinetics demonstrating concentration-dependent bactericidal activity of BUN. F Live/dead staining of MRSA using SYTO9/PI probes after 2 h exposure to BUN. G Quantification of PI-positive (dead) cells following BUN treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc comparisons; ns, not significant; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001

Article Snippet: Unless otherwise specified, all CLSM imaging experiments were conducted using MRSA ATCC 43300 (Berney et al. ).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Concentration Assay, Inhibition, Comparison, Staining

Journal: AMB Express

Article Title: Repurposed bunamidine disrupts envelope energetics and induces ROS-mediated non-lytic killing

doi: 10.1186/s13568-026-02016-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibiofilm and anti-persister activity of BUN against MRSA. A , B Biofilm inhibition ( A ) and eradication ( B ) of MRSA ATCC 43300 determined by CV (biomass) and XTT (metabolic activity) assays after exposure to BUN (0–16 µg/mL) in TSBg for 24 h. Statistical significance was evaluated by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test versus control (ns, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001). C , D CLSM images of biofilms stained with SYTO9 (green) and PI (red) under inhibition ( C ) and eradication ( D ) conditions following BUN treatment (4 or 8 µg/mL). Scale bars, 20 µm. E , F Quantification of live/dead cell ratios from representative CLSM fields. G Time-kill curves of biofilm-associated persister cells from MRSA ATCC 43300 and USA300 challenged with BUN (4 µg/mL) or comparators [VAN and DAP, 10 × MIC]. Dashed line indicates the limit of detection. Data are presented as mean ± SD from independent experiments

Article Snippet: Unless otherwise specified, all CLSM imaging experiments were conducted using MRSA ATCC 43300 (Berney et al. ).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Inhibition, Control, Staining

Journal: AMB Express

Article Title: Repurposed bunamidine disrupts envelope energetics and induces ROS-mediated non-lytic killing

doi: 10.1186/s13568-026-02016-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Structural perturbation, hemolytic assessment, and ROS involvement in BUN activity. A Transmission electron microscopy images of MRSA ATCC 43300 showing morphological changes after BUN treatment compared with untreated controls. B Hemolysis of freshly isolated human red blood cells in the presence of BUN. Hemoglobin release was measured spectrophotometrically. C Effect of glutathione (GSH) supplementation on the MIC of BUN against MRSA ATCC 43300 and USA300. D Confocal fluorescence imaging of intracellular ROS in MRSA ATCC 43300 using DCFH-DA probe, with or without GSH supplementation. Bright-field images are shown for comparison. Scale: 200 μm

Article Snippet: Unless otherwise specified, all CLSM imaging experiments were conducted using MRSA ATCC 43300 (Berney et al. ).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Isolation, Fluorescence, Imaging, Comparison